Segregation

by Manor, Amy, Pronovost, Emily. Originally published as "4-H and Home Demonstration among African Americans", Green 'N' Growing, The History of Home Demonstration and 4-H Youth Development in North Carolina, NCSU Libraries. [...] (from NCSU Libraries.)

by Alexander, Roberta Sue, Barfield, Rodney D., Nash, Steven E. Part i: Introduction; Part ii: Life under slavery and the achievements of free Black people; Part iii: Emancipation and the Freedmen's Fight for Civil Rights; Part [...] (from Encyclopedia of North Carolina, University of North Carolina Press.)

by Oakley, Christopher Arris. After the Civil War ended in 1865, the South entered a period that historians sometimes refer to as the era of the "New South." But in some ways, the New South was very similar to the Old South of [...] (from Tar Heel Junior Historian, NC Museum of History.)

by Cecelski, David S. Born in Stantonsburg, in Wilson County, in 1935, James Applewhite is one of our nation's most acclaimed poets and an English professor at Duke University. At his home by the Eno River, he told me [...] (from Listening to History, News and Observer.)

by . Arthur Griffin is an African-American man who attended segregated schools in the 1950s and 1960s. He graduated from Second Ward High School, an African-American high school in Charlotte, North [...] (from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Libraries.)

by Hill, Michael. No North Carolina governor, with the possible exception of Zebulon B. Vance, has been as venerated and memorialized as Charles Brantley Aycock (1859-1912), with whose term in 1901 the Democratic [...] (from Research Branch, NC Office of Archives and History.)

by Agan, Kelly, Davis, Sarajanee. Baker, Ella Josephine Giving light so people can find the way By Sarajanee Davis, N.C. Government & Heritage Library, 2019; Kelly Agan, N.C. Government & Heritage Library, 2020. From [...] (from NCpedia K-8 Collection.)

by Hill, Steven. Best, Andrew Arthur (November 26, 1916-December 7, 2005) by Steven A. Hill, 2019 Published with permission. For personal educational use and not for further distribution.  Andrew [...] (from Government & Heritage Library, State Library of North Carolina.)

by Kenzer, Robert C. Black Freemasonry, like its white counterpart, promotes fellowship within a membership that engages in a wide variety of social and benevolent activities. Although Black freemasonry dates back to the [...] (from Encyclopedia of North Carolina, University of North Carolina Press.)

by . John Kenyon Chapman, known as Yonni, was a life-long social justice activist, organizer, and historian who focused his academic and social career on workers' rights and African American empowerment [...] (from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Libraries.)

by Brown, Flora Bryant. African American Civil Rights in North Carolina by Dr. Flora Bryant Brown Reprinted with permission from the Tar Heel Junior Historian. Fall 2004; Revised by NC Government and Heritage Library, [...] (from Tar Heel Junior Historian, NC Museum of History.)

by McDermott, Nancie. A hot dog got it all started—the hot dog that Joe McNeil did not get to eat one day in January 1960. Nineteen years old and a graduate of Williston High School in Wilmington, McNeil was a student at [...] (from Tar Heel Junior Historian, NC Museum of History.)

by Tolbert, Lisa. For two months in the spring of 1929, a group of African American grocery store owners in Winston-Salem organized public lectures, meetings, exhibits, and food tastings that attracted large audiences [...] (from Tar Heel Junior Historian, NC Museum of History.)

by Agan, Kelly. Crabtree Creek State Park (William B. Umstead State Park) By Kelly Agan, N.C. Government & Heritage Library, 2015 Established: 1943 GPS [...] (from Government & Heritage Library, State Library of North Carolina.)

by Hill, Steven. Creecy, William Spencer By Steven A. Hill. Copyright 2019. Published with permission. For personal educational use and not for further distribution. 4 April 1875-11 March 1940 William [...] (from The Way We Lived in North Carolina, NC Office of Archives and History and UNC Press.)

by Watson, Richard L., Jr. Daniels, Josephus by Richard L. Watson, 1986 See also: Josephus Daniels, 2009 Biography by NC Government and Heritage Library  18 May 1862–15 Jan. 1948 Josephus Daniels, newspaper [...] (from Dictionary of North Carolina Biography, University of North Carolina Press.)

by Hill, Steven. Willis Haynie Davenport, an African American educational leader, was born on August 18, 1900 in Burgess, Virginia to parents Addie Haynie and Warner Davenport. He worked for the Greenville, North [...] (from North Carolina's First Ladies: 1891-2001, North Carolina Historical Publications.)

by Cecelski, David S. I met Kenny Davis during the recent commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the Wilmington race riot of 1898. A century ago, on Nov. 10, 1898, a white mob massacred many blacks and seized the city [...] (from Listening to History, News and Observer.)

by Hunt, James L. Disfranchisement refers to a constitutional amendment drafted by the 1899 North Carolina General Assembly and approved in the general election in 1900 severely limiting African Americans' right to [...] (from Encyclopedia of North Carolina, University of North Carolina Press.)

by Holden, Charles J. Dixiecrats, officially members of the States' Rights Democratic Party, formed after the 1947 publication of President Harry S Truman's Committee on Civil Rights report, To Secure These Rights. This [...] (from Encyclopedia of North Carolina, University of North Carolina Press.)

by Bates, Doris McLean. Wilson Vash Eagleson II A Tuskegee Airman 1920 - 2006 by Doris McLean Bates Reprinted with permission from the Tar Heel Junior Historian, Fall 2003. Tar Heel Junior Historian Association, NC [...] (from Tar Heel Junior Historian, NC Museum of History.)

by Cecelski, David S. I visited Lois Epps Jones in High Plains, an Indian community north of Roxboro, in Person County. Her great-grandfather found refuge in High Plains during the Cherokee Removal. Now she is one of the [...] (from Listening to History, News and Observer.)

by Hill, Steven. Garrett, Denison Dover By Steven A. Hill. Copyright 2017. Published with permission. For personal educational use and not for further distribution. 6 May 1915 - 28 May 2011 Denison Dover [...] (from Government & Heritage Library, State Library of North Carolina.)

by McKinley, Cynthia Risser, McKinley, Shepherd W. The Great Migration and North Carolina by Dr. Shepherd W. McKinley and Cynthia Risser McKinley Reprinted with permission from the Tar Heel Junior Historian. Spring 2006. Tar Heel Junior [...] (from Tar Heel Junior Historian, NC Museum of History.)

by Agan, Kelly. Hammocks Beach State Park By North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation, 2015; Kelly Agan, N.C. Government & Heritage Library, [...] (from NC Division of Parks and Recreation, NC Dept. of Natural and Cultural Resources.)

by Carrier, Sarah. Dr. Reginald Armistice Hawkins, nicknamed “Hawk,” was a lifelong civil rights activist who played a central role in integrating Charlotte schools, hospitals, and public spaces, and in 1968 became the [...] (from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Libraries.)

by Wall, James W. Hardie Hogan Helper, abolitionist, Union soldier, journalist, and moderate Republican Reconstruction leader, was born two miles west of Mocksville, the son of Daniel J. and Sarah Brown Helper. He [...] (from Dictionary of North Carolina Biography, University of North Carolina Press.)

by Cecelski, David S. Recently, Dr. Henry Vanderbilt Johnson Jr. shared a story with me about an unsung little moment in our state's civil rights history: a cafe brawl in Engelhard, a fishing village in Hyde County. The [...] (from Listening to History, News and Observer.)

by . Jones Lake State Park By North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation, 2015 https://ncparks.gov/ Established: 1939 GPS Coordinates: 34.682743, [...] (from NC Division of Parks and Recreation, NC Dept. of Natural and Cultural Resources.)

by Cecelski, David S. I recently joined Marvin Tupper Jones at his family's annual reunion and fish fry. We were in Pleasant Plains, part of an extraordinary, 9-mile-long swath of land in the state's rural, northeast [...] (from Listening to History, News and Observer.)

by . In 1947 the Congress of Racial Equality & local citizens, black & white, protested bus segregation. Setting out from Washington, D.C., "freedom riders" tested compliance with a U.S. Supreme [...] (from Research Branch, NC Office of Archives and History.)

by Bell-Kite, Diana, Agan, Kelly. KAY, WILLIE VIRGINIA OTEY 17 Mar. 1894 – 25 Sept. 1992 By Diana Bell-Kite, NC Museum of History and Kelly Agan, NC Government & Heritage Library, 2016 “You have to like what you do, [...] (from North Carolina Museum of History.)

by Trelease, Allen W. There have been three Ku Klux Klan KKK movements in North Carolina and the nation, similar in character but distinct organizationally and chronologically. The first Klan flourished in the [...] (from Encyclopedia of North Carolina, University of North Carolina Press.)

by . Latrelle McAllister is an African-American woman who attended West Charlotte High School from 1973 until 1976, during the first years of integration. She speaks about her experiences of both [...] (from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Libraries.)

by Cecelski, David S. On the night of Jan. 18, 1958, Welton Lowry and hundreds of other Lumbee Indians surrounded a Ku Klux Klan rally near Maxton, 90 miles south of Raleigh in Robeson County. The Lumbee launched barrages [...] (from Listening to History, News and Observer.)

by Baker, Bruce E. Lynching, the unlawful killing of a person by a mob and one of the most extreme forms of community sanction, occurred in North Carolina on numerous occasions. The term originally referred to [...] (from Encyclopedia of North Carolina, University of North Carolina Press.)

by Gillespie, James D. Mabley, Jackie (Moms) by James D. Gillespie 1898–23 May 1975 (1898–23 May 1975), comedienne and actress, was born Loretta Mary Aiken in Brevard, the daughter of "Uncle" Jim and Mary Aiken. [...] (from Dictionary of North Carolina Biography, University of North Carolina Press.)

by Miller, Daniel R. Manly, Alex by Daniel R. Miller, 1991; Revised by SLNC Government and Heritage Library, January 2023 fl. 1895–98 See also: Manly, Alex (from NC Office of Archives and History); The [...] (from Dictionary of North Carolina Biography, University of North Carolina Press.)

by . A speech by Martin Luther King, Jr. in Rocky Mount on November 27, 1962, has drawn much attention. In that address, before 1,800 in the gymnasium at Booker T. Washington High School (that building [...] (from Research Branch, NC Office of Archives and History.)

by Cecelski, David S. E.R. "Mitch" Mitchell is the proprietor of Mitchell's Barbecue Restaurant in Wilson. Barbecue is one of the most cherished of all Southern foods, and Mitchell's is one of the few places that still [...] (from Listening to History, News and Observer.)

by Stewart, James. Mitchell, John William By James Stewart, NCSU Libraries, 2015 Originally published as "Life of An Extension Agent: John W. Mitchell," Special Collections News, NCSU Libraries, December 11, [...] (from NCSU Libraries.)

by Gavins, Raymond, Vocci, Robert Blair. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People by Raymond Gavins, 2006 Additional research provided by Robert Blair Vocci. The National Association for the Advancement of [...] (from Encyclopedia of North Carolina, University of North Carolina Press.)

by . Ned Irons is a white student who attended West Charlotte High School in Charlotte, NC during the late 1990s, many years after the Swann ruling required the school to integrate in the early 1970s, but [...] (from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Libraries.)

by Burns, Augustus M., III. Nathan Carter Newbold, educator, public servant, and longtime director of the Division of Negro Education in North Carolina, was born in Pasquotank County, near Elizabeth City, and lived his entire [...] (from Dictionary of North Carolina Biography, University of North Carolina Press.)

by Freeze, Gary. North Carolina has always been a place where the old and the new live side by side. The time period from 1953 to 2003 is no different. Although patterns from the past, such as eating barbecue or [...] (from Tar Heel Junior Historian, NC Museum of History.)

by Roundtree, Lynn. Plessy v. Ferguson by Lynn Roundtree, 2006 In 1896 the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the so-called separate-but-equal segregation of whites and blacks in public facilities in its decision on [...] (from Encyclopedia of North Carolina, University of North Carolina Press.)

by Cecelski, David S. I visited Sallie Powell in Elizabethtown to learn about an all-but-forgotten landmark of African-American history: the swimming beaches and campground at Jones Lake. Created in 1939, Jones Lake State [...] (from Listening to History, News and Observer.)

by Hill, Michael. Princeville, an Edgecombe County town incorporated in 1885, originated in 1865 as a resettlement community for newly-emancipated enslaved people. At the close of the Civil War, when Union troops [...] (from Encyclopedia of North Carolina, University of North Carolina Press.)

by Hunt, James L. The Red Shirts were a white supremacist terrorist group and intimidation wing of the Democratic Party in North Carolina during the late nineteenth century. They were active in the [...] (from Encyclopedia of North Carolina, University of North Carolina Press.)

by Agan, Kelly. Reedy Creek State Park By Kelly Agan, N.C. Government & Heritage Library, 2016 Established: 1950 GPS Coordinates: 35.833731, -78.760208 Size: 1,234 [...] (from Government & Heritage Library, State Library of North Carolina.)

by Hill, Steven. Rose, Junius Harris By Steven A. Hill, Copyright 2017. Published with permission. For personal educational use and not for further distribution. 7 Jan 1892 - 29 Mar 1972 J.H. Rose was [...] (from Research Branch, NC Office of Archives and History.)

by Agan, Kelly. Have you ever heard of Jim Crow laws? In the 19th and 20th centuries, Jim Crow laws created mandatory separation of races. And they affected all aspects of everyday life for black Americans. Jim [...] (from NCpedia K-8 Collection.)

by Hill, Steven. Bennie Robert Rountree, a Pitt County Civil Rights leader and 2018 state president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), was born on April 27, 1935. Both his parents, Leana and [...] (from Research Branch, NC Office of Archives and History.)

by Daniels, Dennis F. The 1960 Greensboro sit-ins sparked a national movement but were not the first such action. Individual and group protest actions prior to 1960, generally isolated and often without wider impact, took [...] (from Research Branch, NC Office of Archives and History.)

by Agan, Kelly. Royal Ice Cream Sit-In, Durham, North Carolina By Kelly Agan, N.C. Government & Heritage Library, 2019 Have you ever heard about the 1957 ice cream shop protest in Durham, North [...] (from NCpedia K-8 Collection.)

by Agan, Kelly. Take a minute to imagine that you couldn’t sit where you wanted to on a bus because of the color of your skin or where you came from. How would that make you feel? What would you do? This article is [...] (from NCpedia K-8 Collection.)

by Currie, Jefferson. School Desegregation "With Deliberate Speed: North Carolina and School Desegregation" by Jefferson Currie II Reprinted with permission from the Tar Heel Junior Historian. Fall 2004. Tar Heel [...] (from Tar Heel Junior Historian, NC Museum of History.)

by Murray, Elizabeth D. R. Scruggs, Lawson Andrew by Elizabeth Reid Murray, 1994; Revised by SLNC Government and Heritage Library, February 2023 Related Entries: African American; Civil Rights; Historically Black [...] (from Dictionary of North Carolina Biography, University of North Carolina Press.)

by Hatley Wadelington, Flora. Segregation in the 1920s "Assigned Places" by Flora Hatley Wadelington; Revised by SLNC Government and Heritage Library, June 2023 Reprinted with permission from the Tar Heel Junior [...] (from Tar Heel Junior Historian, NC Museum of History.)

by Thomas, Karen Kruse. In 1962 dentist George Simkins, physician Alvin Blount, and other African American physicians and their patients sued Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital and Wesley Long Community Hospital in Greensboro, [...] (from Encyclopedia of North Carolina, University of North Carolina Press.)

by Cecelski, David S. Dr. James Slade is the sort of impossibly old-fashioned doctor who still makes house calls and has never thought about joining an HMO. For 35 years he has been practicing pediatrics and general [...] (from Listening to History, News and Observer.)

by Hill, Steven. H.B. Sugg’s parents, Bryant Sugg and Penny Briggs Sugg, were both born enslaved. Bryant Sugg told of his life as a slave and how he had fled his master’s plantation in Greene County to connect with [...] (from Government & Heritage Library, State Library of North Carolina.)

by Brabham, Robin. Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education by Robin Brabham, 2006 See also: Pupil Assignment Act. Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, argued before the U.S. Supreme [...] (from Encyclopedia of North Carolina, University of North Carolina Press.)

by . Roanoke Island was the setting for an historic experiment during the Civil War. Following the island’s occupation by Union forces in 1862, it became a haven for African-American families from [...] (from National Park Service.)

by Agan, Kelly, Scott, Jordan. The Green Book, also known as The Negro Motorist Green Book, later known as The Negro Traveler’s Green Book in 1952, and finally the Travelers’ Green Book in 1960, was a guide for black travelers [...] (from Government & Heritage Library, State Library of North Carolina.)

by Haley, John H. United States Colored Troops: Fighting for Freedom By John H. Haley, PhD Reprinted with permission from the Tar Heel Junior Historian 50:2 (spring 2011) An elaborate ceremony took place [...] (from Tar Heel Junior Historian, NC Museum of History.)

by Carroll, Grady L. E., Sr. Vincent Stanislaus Waters, Roman Catholic prelate, was born in Roanoke, Va., the son of Michael Bernard, a railroad machinist, and Mary Francis Crowley Waters. He attended St. Andrews School [...] (from Dictionary of North Carolina Biography, University of North Carolina Press.)

by Schutz, J. Christopher, McRae, Elizabeth Gillespie. White Citizens' Councils were established during the 1950s in reaction to federal initiatives to end racial segregation in the South. Historically, they were similar to the various white supremacy [...] (from Encyclopedia of North Carolina, University of North Carolina Press.)

by McRae, Elizabeth Gillespie. On 22 Aug. 1955, following the U.S. Supreme Court's 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, 356 men and women formed the White Patriots of North Carolina to circumvent the [...] (from Encyclopedia of North Carolina, University of North Carolina Press.)

by Cecelski, David S. I interviewed Mabel Williams two years after her legendary husband's death. They both grew up in Monroe at a time when lynchings were common and many things that we take for granted were marked [...] (from Listening to History, News and Observer.)

by Agan, Kelly, Scott, Jordan. Williams, Robert Franklin by Jordan Scott and Kelly Agan, Government & Heritage Library, 2019; Revised September 2022 26 Feb. 1925-15 Oct. 1996 Robert F. Williams was an American [...] (from Government & Heritage Library, State Library of North Carolina.)

by Cecelski, David S. In September of 1957, a Martin County teenager named Willis Williams had the courage to tell the truth about the death of an African-American college student named Joe Cross. His story shocked North [...] (from Listening to History, News and Observer.)

by Umfleet, LeRae. The Wilmington Coup of 1898 was not an act of spontaneous violence. The events of November 10, 1898, were the result of a long-range campaign strategy by Democratic Party leaders to regain political [...] (from NC Office of Archives and History.)

by Copeland, J. Isaac. Wright, Marion Allen by J. Isaac Copeland, 1996; Additional research provided by Kelly Agan; Revised December 2021 18 Jan. 1894–14 Feb. 1983 Marion Allen Wright, attorney, citizen of the two [...] (from Dictionary of North Carolina Biography, University of North Carolina Press.)

by Murray, Elizabeth D. R. Allen Lawrence Young, community leader, educator, and founder of the Wake Forest Normal and Industrial School for Negroes (1905–57), was born in northern Wake County, the eldest of ten children of [...] (from Dictionary of North Carolina Biography, University of North Carolina Press.)